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		<h1>CHUYÊN ĐỀ AXIT+KIM LOẠI</h1>
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			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><i><span lang="NL" style="font-size:20.0pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">CHUYÊN ĐỀ </span></span></i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-size:20.0pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">AXIT TÁC DỤNG VỚI KIM LOẠI</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Cách làm:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">1/ Phân loại axit:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Axit loại 1: Tất cả các axit trên( HCl, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>loãng, HBr,...), trừ HNO<sub>3</sub> và H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> đặc.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Axit loại 2: HNO<sub>3</sub> và H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> đặc.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">2/ Công thức phản ứng: gồm 2 công thức.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Công thức 1: Kim loại phản ứng với axit loại 1.</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Kim loại + Axit loại 1 ----&gt; Muối + H<sub>2</sub></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Điều kiện:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Kim loại là kim loại đứng trước H trong dãy hoạt động hoá học </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Dãy hoạt động hoá học </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đặc điểm:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Muối thu được có hoá trị thấp(đối với kim loại có nhiều hoá trị)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Thí dụ:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fe + 2HCl ----&gt; FeCl<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp; + H<sub>2</sub></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cu&nbsp; +&nbsp; HCl ----&gt; Không phản ứng.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Công thức 2: Kim loại phản ứng với axit loại 2:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Kim loại + Axit loại 2 -----&gt;&nbsp; Muối + H<sub>2</sub>O + Sản phẩm khử.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đặc điểm:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Phản ứng xảy ra với tất cả các kim loại (trừ Au, Pt).</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Muối có hoá trị cao nhất(đối với kim loại đa hoá trị)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài tập áp dụng:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 1:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Hoà tan hết 25,2g kim loại R trong dung dịch axit HCl, sau phản ứng thu được 1,008 lit H<sub>2</sub> (đktc). Xác định kim loại R.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đáp số:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 2:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Hoà tan hoàn toàn 6,5g một kim loại A chưa rõ hoá trị vào dung dịch axit HCl, thì thu được 2,24 lit H<sub>2</sub> (đktc). Xác định kim loại A.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đáp số: A là Zn.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 3:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Cho 10g một hỗn hợp gồm Fe và Cu tác dụng với dung dịch axit HCl, thì thu được 3,36 lit khí H<sub>2</sub> (đktc). Xác định thành phần % về khối lượng của mỗi kim loại trong hỗn hợp đầu.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đáp số: % Fe = 84%,&nbsp; % Cu = 16%.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 4:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Cho 1 hỗn hợp gồm Al và Ag phản ứng với dung dịch axit H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> thu được 5,6 lít H<sub>2</sub> (đktc). Sau phản ứng thì còn 3g một chất rắn không tan. Xác định thành phần % theo khối lượng cuả mỗi kim loại trong hỗn hợp ban đầu.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đáp số: % Al = 60% và % Ag = 40%.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 5:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Cho 5,6g Fe tác dụng với 500ml dung dịch HNO<sub>3</sub> 0,8M. Sau phản ứng thu được V(lit) hỗn hợp khí A gồm N<sub>2</sub>O và NO<sub>2</sub> có tỷ khối so với H<sub>2</sub> là 22,25 và dd B.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a/ Tính V (đktc)?</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">b/ Tính nồng độ mol/l của các chất có trong dung dịch B.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Hướng dẫn:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Theo bài ra ta có:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">n<sub>Fe</sub> = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><sup><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">n</span></sup><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">HNO<sub>3</sub> = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">M<sub>hh khí</sub> = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đặt x, y lần lượt là số mol của khí N<sub>2</sub>O và NO<sub>2</sub>.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">PTHH xảy ra:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp; 8Fe + 30HNO<sub>3</sub> ----&gt; 8Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3N<sub>2</sub>O + 15H<sub>2</sub>O <sup>(1)</sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">8mol&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">8x/3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp; Fe + 6HNO<sub>3</sub> -----&gt;&nbsp; Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3NO<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O <sup>(2)</sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">1mol&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">y/3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; y</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Tỉ lệ thể tích các khí trên là:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Gọi a là thành phần % theo thể tích của khí N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Vậy (1 – a) là thành phần % của khí NO<sub>2</sub>. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Ta có: 44a + 46(1 – a) = 44,5</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a = 0,75 hay % của khí N<sub>2</sub>O là 75% và của khí NO<sub>2</sub> là 25%</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Từ phương trình phản ứng kết hợp với tỉ lệ thể tích ta có:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"> 
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x = 3y <sup>(I)</sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ---&gt; y = 0,012 và x = 0,036</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1<sup> (II)</sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Vậy thể tích của các khí thu được ở đktc là:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">V<sub>N<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img alt="" src="https://thcsthanhthuy.xatamhung.edu.vn/file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" style="width:11px; height:23px" /></span></span>O</sub> = 0,81(lit) và V<sub>NO<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img alt="" src="https://thcsthanhthuy.xatamhung.edu.vn/file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" style="width:11px; height:23px" /></span></span></sub>= 0,27(lit)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Theo phương trình thì:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol HNO<sub>3 (phản ứng)</sub> = 10n<sub>N<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img alt="" src="https://thcsthanhthuy.xatamhung.edu.vn/file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" style="width:11px; height:23px" /></span></span>O</sub> + 2n<sub> NO<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img alt="" src="https://thcsthanhthuy.xatamhung.edu.vn/file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" style="width:11px; height:23px" /></span></span></sub>= 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 = 0,384 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol HNO<sub>3 (còn dư)</sub> = 0,4 – 0,384 = 0,016 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> = n<sub>Fe</sub> = 0,1 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Vậy nồng độ các chất trong dung dịch là:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">C<sub>M</sub>(Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) = 0,2M</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">C<sub>M</sub>(HNO<sub>3</sub>)dư = 0,032M</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 6:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Để hoà tan 4,48g Fe phải dùng bao nhiêu ml dung dịch hỗn hợp HCl 0,5M và H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,75M.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Hướng dẫn: Giả sử phải dùng V(lit) dung dịch hỗn hợp gồm HCl 0,5M và H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,75M</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = 0,75V (mol)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol Fe = 0,08 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">PTHH xảy ra:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Fe + 2HCl ---&gt; FeCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Fe + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> ---&gt; FeSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Theo phương trình ta có: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">---&gt; V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 7:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Để hoà tan 4,8g Mg phải dùng bao nhiêu ml dung dịch hỗn hợp HCl 1,5M và H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,5M.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a/ Tính thể tích dung dịch hỗn hợp axit trên cần dùng.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">b/ Tính thể tích H<sub>2</sub> thu được sau phản ứng ở đktc.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đáp số:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a/ V<sub>hh dd axit</sub> = 160ml.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">b/ Thể tích khí H<sub>2</sub> là 4,48 lit.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 8:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Hoà tan 2,8g một kim loại hoá trị (II) bằng một hỗn hợp gồm 80ml dung dịch axit H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,5M và 200ml dung dịch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dịch thu được có tính axit và muốn trung hoà phải dùng 1ml dung dịch NaOH 0,2M. Xác định kim loại hoá trị&nbsp; II đem phản ứng.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Hướng dẫn:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Theo bài ra ta có:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol của H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> là 0,04 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol của HCl là 0,04 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Sô mol của NaOH là 0,02 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Đặt R là KHHH của kim loại hoá trị II</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a, b là số mol của kim loại R tác dụng với axit H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>và HCl.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Viết các PTHH xảy ra.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Sau khi kim loại tác dụng với kim loại R. Số mol của các axit còn lại là:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol của H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = 0,04 – a (mol)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol của HCl = 0,04 – 2b&nbsp; (mol)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Viết các PTHH trung hoà:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Từ PTPƯ ta có: </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Số mol NaOH phản ứng là: (0,04 – 2b) + 2(0,04 – a) = 0,02</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">---&gt; (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Vậy số mol kim loại R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">---&gt; M<sub>R</sub> = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 và R có hoá trị II ---&gt; R là Fe.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Bài 9:</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"> Chia 7,22g hỗn hợp A gồm Fe và R (R là kim loại có hoá trị không đổi) thành 2 phần bằng nhau:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Phần 1: Phản ứng với dung dịch HCl dư, thu được 2,128 lit H<sub>2</sub>(đktc)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Phần 2: Phản ứng với HNO<sub>3</sub>, thu được 1,972 lit NO(đktc)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a/ Xác định kim loại R.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">b/ Tính thành phần % theo khối lượng mỗi kim loại trong hỗn hợp A.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Hướng dẫn:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">a/ Gọi 2x, 2y (mol) là số mol Fe, R có trong hỗn hợp A --&gt; Số mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hỗn hợp A là x, y.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Viết các PTHH xảy ra:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Lập các phương trình toán học;</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">m<sub>hh A</sub> = 56.2x + 2y.M<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (I)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">n<sub>H<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img alt="" src="https://thcsthanhthuy.xatamhung.edu.vn/file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" style="width:11px; height:23px" /></span></span></sub>= x + ny/2 = 0,095&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (II)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">n<sub>NO</sub> = x + ny/3 = 0,08&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (III)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Giải hệ phương trình ta được:&nbsp;&nbsp; M<sub>R</sub> = 9n (với n là hoá trị của R)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">Lập bảng: Với n = 3 thì M<sub>R</sub> = 27 là phù hợp. Vậy R là nhôm(Al)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&#039;.VnTime&#039;,sans-serif"><span lang="NL" style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;">b/ %Fe = 46,54% và %Al = 53,46%.</span></span></span></span><br />
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				Giáo viên: Nguyễn Thị Mơ
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